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When working with String<\/em> values in Java, there are times when we need to clean up our data by removing specific characters. One common scenario is removing bracket characters. With the right approach, removing these characters can be straightforward.<\/p>\n In this tutorial, we’ll explore how to achieve this.<\/p>\n First, let’s make the requirement clear: what are bracket characters?<\/p>\n If we focus on ASCII<\/a> characters, there are three pairs of bracket characters<\/strong>:<\/p>\n Apart from these three pairs, we often use ‘<‘ and ‘>’ as angle brackets in practice<\/strong>, such as in XML tags.<\/p>\n However, ‘<‘ and ‘>’\u00a0 actually aren’t bracket characters. They’re defined as “less than<\/a>” and “greater than<\/a>” characters<\/strong>. But we’ll treat them as the fourth pair of bracket characters, as they’re often used as angle brackets.<\/p>\n Therefore, we aim\u00a0to remove the four pairs of characters from a given String<\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n Let’s say we have a String<\/em> value:<\/p>\n As we can see, the INPUT String<\/em> contains all eight bracket characters. After removing all bracket characters, we expect to get this result:<\/p>\n Of course, our input may contain Unicode characters<\/a><\/strong>. This tutorial also addresses the Unicode String<\/em> scenario.<\/p>\n Next, let’s take INPUT<\/em> as an example and see how to remove characters.<\/p>\n Apache Commons Lang 3<\/a> is a widely used library. The StringUtils<\/em><\/a> class from this library provides a rich set of helper methods that allow us to manipulate strings conveniently<\/strong>.<\/p>\n For example, we can solve our problem using the replaceChars()<\/em><\/a> method. This method allows us to replace multiple characters in one go. Further, we can employ it to delete characters<\/strong>:<\/p>\n As the code above shows, we pass the String<\/em> “(){}[]<>”\u00a0<\/em>as the\u00a0searchChars<\/em> argument and a null\u00a0<\/em>value as the\u00a0replaceChars\u00a0<\/em>argument. This is because when replaceChars<\/em> is null,<\/em> replaceChars()<\/em> deletes all characters contained in searchChars<\/em> from the input String. <\/em><\/strong>Therefore, replaceChars()<\/em> does the job.<\/p>\n Regular expressions<\/a> (regex) are powerful tools for matching patterns within strings, allowing us to efficiently search, replace, and manipulate text based on defined criteria.<\/p>\n Next, let’s see how to remove bracket characters using the regex-based replaceAll()<\/em> method from the Java standard library:<\/p>\n The regex pattern looks pretty straightforward. It has only one character class, which includes the bracket characters.<\/p>\n Sharp eyes might have noticed that we only escaped the ‘[<\/em>‘ and ‘]<\/em>‘ characters in the character class while leaving ‘(){}<><\/em>‘ as they are. This is because regex matches characters in a character class literally, meaning all characters within a character class lose their special meanings and don’t need to be escaped<\/strong>.<\/p>\n However, since ‘[<\/em>‘ and ‘]<\/em>‘ are used to define the character class itself, we must escape them to distinguish between their roles as delimiters of the character class and as literal characters within the class.<\/strong><\/p>\n We’ve seen how to delete bracket characters from a String<\/em> input that includes only ASCII characters. Next, let’s see how to remove Unicode bracket characters.<\/p>\n Let’s say we have another String<\/em> input containing Unicode and ASCII bracket characters:<\/p>\n As the example shows, apart from ASCII bracket characters “(){}[]<><\/em>” it contains the following Unicode characters:<\/p>\n There are still many more Unicode bracket characters that our example doesn’r cover. Fortunately, regex supports Unicode category matching<\/strong>.<\/p>\n We can use \\p{Ps}<\/em> and \\p{Pe}<\/em> to match all opening and closing bracket characters<\/strong>.<\/p>\n Next, let’s see if these categories can tell replaceAll()<\/em> to delete all bracket characters:<\/p>\n The test above shows most character brackets have been removed. However, the ASCII characters ‘<<\/em>‘ and ‘><\/em>‘ remain<\/strong>. This is because ‘<<\/em>‘ and ‘><\/em>‘ are defined as “less than” and “greater than” rather than angle brackets. That is to say, they don’t belong to the bracket category and aren’t matched by the regex.<\/strong><\/p>\n If we want to remove ‘<<\/em>‘ and ‘><\/em>‘, we can add the character class “[<>]<\/em>” to the pattern<\/strong>:<\/p>\n As we can see, this time, we got the expected result.<\/p>\n In this article, we’ve explored different ways to remove bracket characters from an input String <\/em>and\u00a0discussed how to remove Unicode brackets through an example.<\/p>\n As always, the complete source code for the examples is available over on GitHub<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u7acb\u523b\u8a3b\u518a\u53ca\u5831\u540d\u96fb\u8166\u88dc\u7fd2\u8ab2\u7a0b\u5427! <\/a> www.ITSec.vip<\/a> www.Sraa.com.hk<\/a> www.ITSec.hk<\/a> www.Penetrationtest.hk<\/a> www.ITSeceu.uk<\/a> Learn how to remove different kinds of bracket characters from a String in Java.<\/p>\n2. Introduction to the Problem<\/h2>\n
<\/div>\n\n
static final String INPUT = "This (is) <a> [nice] {string}!";<\/code><\/pre>\n"This is a nice string!"<\/code><\/pre>\n3. Using the StringUtils.replaceChars()<\/em> Method<\/h2>\n
<\/div>\nString result = StringUtils.replaceChars(INPUT, "(){}[]<>", null);\r\nassertEquals("This is a nice string!", result);<\/code><\/pre>\n4. Using the Regex-Based replaceAll()<\/em> Method<\/h2>\n
<\/div>\nString regex = "[(){}<>\\\\[\\\\]]";\r\nString result = INPUT.replaceAll(regex, "");\r\nassertEquals("This is a nice string!", result);<\/code><\/pre>\n5. Removing Unicode Bracket Characters<\/h2>\n
<\/div>\nstatic final String INPUT_WITH_UNICODE = "\u27e8T\u27e9\u2770h\u2771\u300ci\u300d\u2987s\u2988 (is) <a> [nice] {string}!";\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
String regex = "\\\\p{Ps}|\\\\p{Pe}";\r\n \r\nString result = INPUT.replaceAll(regex, "");\r\nassertEquals("This is <a> nice string!", result);\r\n \r\nString resultWithUnicode = INPUT_WITH_UNICODE.replaceAll(regex, "");\r\nassertEquals("This is <a> nice string!", resultWithUnicode);<\/code><\/pre>\nString regex = "\\\\p{Ps}|\\\\p{Pe}|[<>]";\r\n \r\nString result = INPUT.replaceAll(regex, "");\r\nassertEquals("This is a nice string!", result);\r\n \r\nString resultWithUnicode = INPUT_WITH_UNICODE.replaceAll(regex, "");\r\nassertEquals("This is a nice string!", resultWithUnicode);<\/code><\/pre>\n6. Conclusion<\/h2>\n
<\/div>\n<\/p>\n
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